Phenology in freshwaters: a review and recommendations for future research

Phenology changes are increasingly recognized as a common response of species to ongoing global change. can be influenced by environmental cues that impact the initiation or duration life history events well intrinsic organismal traits may affect how different respond such cues. Despite importance phenology for biodiversity conservation demonstrated terrestrial and marine research, freshwater is understudied. Therefore, we conducted literature review on research summarize spatial, taxonomic temporal biases studies; relationships between metrics, studied in these systems. We find freshwaters limited lack long-term time-series data, especially lotic habitats. metrics differed lentic habitats, with limnological focused planktonic population growth whereas macroinvertebrate emergence fish spawning seasons most frequently aspects streams rivers. Across temperature investigated cue, additional attention resources hydrology influencing environments, respectively. Knowledge gaps contemporary include tropical systems, understanding non-salmonid testing hypotheses related traits. recommend future broaden biological, spatial scales studies make use novel data sources, methods technologies address gaps.